Grade 8 Science PA Core Standards

Career, Community, and Family Connections

Personal Finance and Consumer Skills

Education and Early Childhood Development

Human Development, Family, and Relationships

Resource Management

Food Science and Nutrition

Evaluate factors that affect food safety from production through consumption.

Demonstrate food safety and sanitation procedures.

Analyze factors that influence nutrition and wellness practices across the life span.

Hypothesize the effectiveness of the use of meal management principles.

Apply measurement and math skills in following recipe directions.

Prepare a recipe using fundamental culinary skills and techniques.

Demonstrate food science through principles of food biology and chemistry.

Examine the nutritional needs of individuals and families in relation to health and wellness across the life span.

Analyze the energy and nutrient requirements for individuals at various stages of the life cycle.

Investigate career choices within food services, sciences, and nutrition industries.

Analyze sustainability practices and their effect on future renewable and non-renewable resources.

Apply planning skills to manage individual and family resources such as food, clothing, shelter, time, and human capital.

Apply elements of design to create products and environments.

Evaluate different strategies to safely obtain and maintain consumer goods and services.

Assess effects of design construction, care, use, and maintenance of textiles.

Demonstrate laundering processes aligned with industry standards and regulations.

Investigate career choices within resource management, including human, environmental, textiles and apparel, and consumer products in the field of Family and Consumer Sciences.

Analyze the effects of change and family transitions over the life span.

Explain the influences of family life cycle stages on the needs of families and communities.

Justify the significance of interpersonal communication skills in the practical reasoning method of decision-making.

Discuss factors that influence human growth, development, and well-being.

Investigate career and work choices within family and human services.

Identify child guidance practices for each stage of child development.

Identify learning activities that meet the developmental needs of learners.

Evaluate various environments to determine if they provide the characteristics of a proper learning environment.

Evaluate health and safety hazards relating to children at each stage of child development.

Explain how storytelling, story reading, and writing enhance literacy development in children.

Evaluate support systems that provide services for parents and families.

Investigate career choices within early childhood, education, and other careers in the field.

Explain how consumer rights and responsibilities are protected.

Develop short-term and longterm financial goals for a family budget.

Compare/evaluate the financial advantages and disadvantages of various incomes.

Investigate career choices within financial service industries.

Explain the FAMILY, CAREER AND COMMUNITY LEADERS OF AMERICA (FCCLA) action planning procedure (IDENTIFY CONCERNS, SET A GOAL, FORM A PLAN, ACT, AND FOLLOW UP) and how to apply it to family, work, and community decisions.

Assess the use of teamwork and leadership skills in accomplishing the work of families and communities.

Assess the use of technology and its effect on the quality of life.

Environmental Justice

Environmental Stewardship

Environmental Sustainability

Sustainability and Stewardship

Evaluating Solutions

Environmental Experiences

Investigating Environmental Issues

Environmental Literacy Skills

Watersheds and Wetlands

Environment & Society

Agricultural and Environmental Systems and Resources

Environmental Literacy and Sustainability

Engineering Design (Define Problems, Develop Solutions and Improve Designs)

Engineering, Technology, and Applications of Science

Human Impacts

Weather and Climate

Earth's Systems

History of Earth

Space Systems

Earth and Space Science

Natural Selection and Adaptations

Growth, Development, and Reproduction of Organisms

Interdependent Relationships in Ecosystems

Matter and Energy in Organisms and Ecosystems

Structure, Function, and Information Processing

Life Science

Waves and Electromagnetic Radiation

Energy

Forces and Interactions

Chemical Reactions

Structure and Properties of Matter

Physical Science

Nature and Characteristics of Technology and Engineering

Integration of Knowledge, Technologies, and Practices

Design and Design Thinking in Technology and Engineering Education

Applying, Maintaining, and Assessing Technological Products and Systems

Environmental Justice

Environmental Stewardship

Environmental Sustainability

Evaluating Solutions

Environmental Experiences

Investigating Environmental Issues

Watersheds and Wetlands

Environment and Society

Agricultural Systems

Human Impact on Earth Systems

Natural Hazards

Natural Resources

Biogeology

Weather and Climate

The Roles of Water in Earth's Surface Processes

Plate Tectonics and Large-Scale System Interactions

Earth Materials and Systems

The History of Planet Earth

Earth and the Solar System

The Universe and Its Stars

Information Technologies and Instrumentation

Electromagnetic Radiation

Wave Properties

Energy in Chemical Processes and Everyday Life

Relationship Between Energy and Forces

Conservation of Energy and Energy Transfer

Definitions of Energy

Types of Interactions

Forces and Motion

Nuclear Processes

Chemical Reactions

Structure and Properties of Matter

Biodiversity and Humans

Adaptation

Natural Selection

Evidence of Common Ancestry and Diversity

Variation of Traits

Inheritance of Traits

Social Interactions and Group Behavior

Ecosystem Dynamics, Functioning, and Resilience

Cycles of Matter and Energy Transfer in Ecosystems

Interdependent Relationships in Ecosystems

Information Processing

Organization for Matter and Energy Flow in Organisms

Growth and Development of Organisms

Structure and Function

Life Science

Conduct an investigation to provide evidence that living things are made of cells, either one cell or many different numbers and types of cells.

Develop and use a model to describe the function of a cell as a whole and the ways that parts of cells contribute to the function.

Use arguments supported by evidence for how the body is a system of interacting subsystems composed of groups of cells.

Use arguments based on empirical evidence and scientific reasoning to support an explanation for how characteristic animal behaviors and specialized plant structures affect the probability of successful reproduction of animals and plants, respectively.

Construct a scientific explanation based on evidence for how environmental and genetic factors influence the growth of organisms.

Construct a scientific explanation based on evidence for the role of photosynthesis in the cycling of matter and flow of energy into and out of organisms.

Develop a model to describe how food is rearranged through chemical reactions forming new molecules that support growth and/or release energy as this matter moves through an organism.

Gather and synthesize information about how sensory receptors respond to stimuli by sending messages to the brain for immediate behavior or storage as memories.

Analyze and interpret data to provide evidence for the effects of resource availability on organisms and populations of organisms in an ecosystem.

Construct an explanation that predicts patterns of interactions among organisms across multiple ecosystems.

Develop a model to describe the cycling of matter and flow of energy among living and nonliving parts of an ecosystem.

Construct an argument supported by empirical evidence that changes to physical or biological components of an ecosystem affect populations.

Develop and use a model to describe why structural changes to genes (mutations) located on chromosomes may affect proteins and may result in harmful, beneficial, or neutral effects to the structure and function of the organism.

Develop and use a model to describe why asexual reproduction results in offspring with identical genetic information and sexual reproduction results in offspring with genetic variation.

Analyze and interpret data for patterns in the fossil record that document the existence, diversity, extinction, and change of life forms throughout the history of life on Earth under the assumption that natural laws operate today as in the past.

Apply scientific ideas to construct an explanation for anatomical similarities and differences among modern organisms and between modern and fossil organisms to infer evolutionary relationships.

Analyze displays of pictorial data to compare patterns of similarities in anatomical structures across multiple species to identify relationships not evident in the fully formed anatomy.

Gather and synthesize information about the technologies that have changed the way humans influence the inheritance of desired traits in organisms.

Construct an explanation based on evidence that describes how genetic variations of traits in a population increase some individuals' probability of surviving and reproducing in a specific environment.

Use mathematical representations to support explanations of how natural selection may lead to increases and decreases of specific traits in populations over time.

Evaluate competing design solutions for maintaining biodiversity and ecosystem services.

Not applicable at this level.

Physical Science

Develop models to describe the atomic composition of simple molecules and extended structures.

Develop a model that predicts and describes changes in the particle motion, temperature, and state of a pure substance when thermal energy is added or removed.

Gather and make sense of information to describe how synthetic materials come from natural resources and impact society.

Analyze and interpret data on the properties of substances before and after the substances interact to determine if a chemical reaction has occurred.

Develop and use a model to describe how the total number of atoms does not change in a chemical reaction and thus mass is conserved.

Undertake a design project to construct, test, and modify a device that either releases or absorbs thermal energy by chemical processes.

Apply Newton's Third Law to design a solution to a problem involving the motion of two colliding objects.

Plan an investigation to provide evidence that the change in an object's motion depends on the sum of the forces on the object and the mass of the object.

Ask questions about data to determine the factors that affect the strength of electric and magnetic forces.

Construct and present arguments using evidence to support the claim that gravitational interactions are attractive and depend on the masses of interacting objects.

Conduct an investigation and evaluate the experimental design to provide evidence that fields exist between objects exerting forces on each other even though the objects are not in contact.

Construct and interpret graphical displays of data to describe the relationships of kinetic energy to the mass and speed of an object.

Apply scientific principles to design, construct, and test a device that either minimizes or maximizes thermal energy transfer.

Plan an investigation to determine the relationships among the energy transferred, the type of matter, the mass, and the change in the average kinetic energy of the particles as measured by the temperature of the sample.

Construct, use, and present arguments to support the claim that when the kinetic energy of an object changes, energy is transferred to or from the object.

Develop a model to describe that when the arrangement of objects interacting at a distance changes, different amounts of potential energy are stored in the system.

Use mathematical representations to describe a simple model for waves that includes how the amplitude of a wave is related to the energy in a wave.

Develop and use a model to describe how waves are reflected, absorbed, or transmitted through various materials.

Integrate qualitative scientific and technical information to support the claim that digitized signals are a more reliable way to encode and transmit information than analog signals.

Not applicable at this level.

Not applicable at this level.

Earth and Space Science

Develop and use a model of the Earth-sun-moon system to describe the cyclic patterns of lunar phases, eclipses of the sun and moon, and seasons.

Develop and use a model to describe the role of gravity in the motion within galaxies and the solar system.

Analyze and interpret data to determine scale properties of objects in the solar system.

Construct a scientific explanation based on evidence from rock strata for how the geologic time scale is used to organize Earth's 4.6-billion-year-old history.

Construct an explanation based on evidence for how geoscience processes have changed Earth's surface at varying time and spatial scales.

Develop a model to describe the cycling of Earth's materials and the flow of energy that drives this process.

Analyze and interpret data on the distribution of fossils and rocks, continental shapes, and seafloor structures to provide evidence of past plate motions.

Develop a model to describe the cycling of water through Earth's systems driven by energy from the sun and the force of gravity.

Develop and use a model to describe how unequal heating and rotation of the Earth cause patterns of atmospheric and oceanic circulation that determine regional climates.

Collect data to provide evidence for how the motion and complex interactions of air masses result in changes in weather conditions.

Construct a scientific explanation based on evidence for how the uneven distributions of Earth's mineral, energy, and groundwater resources are the result of past and current geoscience processes.

Analyze and interpret data on natural hazards to forecast future catastrophic events and inform the development of technologies to mitigate their effects.

Apply scientific principles to design a method for monitoring and minimizing human impact on the environment.

Construct an argument supported by evidence for how increases in human population and per capita consumption of natural resources impact Earth's systems.

Ask questions to clarify evidence of the factors that have caused the rise in global temperatures over the past century.

Not applicable at this level.

Environmental Literacy & Sustainability

Develop a model to describe how agricultural and food systems function, including the sustainable use of natural resources and the production, processing, and management of food, fiber, and energy.

Analyze and interpret data about how different societies (economic and social systems) and cultures use and manage natural resources differently.

Develop a model to describe how watersheds and wetlands function as systems, including the roles and functions they serve.

Gather, read, and synthesize information from multiple sources to investigate how Pennsylvania environmental issues affect Pennsylvania's human and natural systems.

Collect, analyze, and interpret environmental data to describe a local environment.

Obtain and communicate information on how integrated pest management could improve indoor and outdoor environments.

Obtain and communicate information to describe how best resource management practices and environmental laws are designed to achieve environmental sustainability.

Design a solution to an environmental issue in which individuals and societies can engage as stewards of the environment.

Construct an explanation that describes regional environmental conditions and their implications on environmental justice and social equity.

Technology & Engineering

Research information from various sources to use and maintain technological products or systems.

Adapt and apply an existing product, system, or process to solve a problem in a different setting.

Use instruments to gather data on the performance of everyday products.

Demonstrate how knowledge gained from other content areas affects the development of technological products and systems.

Hypothesize what alternative outcomes (individual, cultural, and/or environmental) might have resulted had a different technological solution been selected.

Consider historical factors that have contributed to the development of technologies and human progress.

Analyze how the creation and use of technologies consumes renewable, non-renewable, and inexhaustible resources; creates waste; and may contribute to environmental challenges.

Engage in a research and development process to simulate how inventions and innovations have evolved through systematic tests and refinements.

Consider the impacts of a proposed or existing technology and devise strategies for reducing, reusing, and recycling waste caused by its creation.

Differentiate between inputs, processes, outputs, and feedback in technological systems.

Analyze examples of technologies that have changed the way people think, interact, live, and communicate.

Demonstrate how systems thinking involves considering relationships between every part, as well as how the systems interact with the environment in which it is used.

Analyze how an invention or innovation was influenced by the context and circumstances in which it is developed.

Create an open-loop system that has no feedback path and requires human intervention.

Evaluate trade-offs based on various perspectives as part of a decision process that recognizes the need for careful compromises among competing factors.

Create a closed-loop system that has a feedback path and requires no human intervention.

Examine the ways that technology can have both positive and negative effects at the same time.

Predict outcomes of a future product or system at the beginning of the design process.

Use tools, materials, and machines to safely diagnose, adjust, and repair systems.

Apply informed problem-solving strategies to the improvement of existing devices or processes or the development of new approaches.

Use devices to control technological systems.

Explain how technology and engineering are closely linked to creativity, which can result in both intended and unintended innovations.

Design methods to gather data about technological systems.

Compare how different technologies involve different sets of processes.

(ETS) Develop a model to generate data for iterative testing and modification of a proposed object, tool, or process such that an optimal design can be achieved.

(ETS) Analyze data from tests to determine similarities and differences among several design solutions to identify the best characteristics of each that can be combined into a new solution to better meet the criteria for success.

Interpret the accuracy of information collected.

(ETS) Evaluate competing design solutions using a systematic process to determine how well they meet the criteria and constraints of the problem.

Apply a technology and engineering design thinking process.

Develop innovative products and systems that solve problems and extend capabilities based on individual or collective needs and wants.

Illustrate the benefits and opportunities associated with different approaches to design.

Create solutions to problems by identifying and applying human factors in design.

Evaluate and assess the strengths and weaknesses of various design solutions given established principles and elements of design.

Refine design solutions to address criteria and constraints.

(ETS) Define the criteria and constraints of a design problem with sufficient precision to ensure a successful solution, taking into account relevant scientific principles and potential impacts on people and the natural environment that may limit possible solutions.

Defend decisions related to a design problem.

Compare, contrast, and identify overlap between the contributions of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics in the development of technological systems.

Analyze how different technological systems often interact with economic, environmental, and social systems.

Develop a model to describe how agricultural and food systems function, including the sustainable use of natural resources and the production, processing, and management of food, fiber, and energy.

Collect, analyze, and interpret environmental data to describe a local environment.

Gather, read, and synthesize information from multiple sources to investigate how Pennsylvania environmental issues affect Pennsylvania's human and natural systems.

Analyze and interpret data about how different societies (economic and social systems) and cultures use and manage natural resources differently.

Obtain and communicate information on how integrated pest management could improve indoor and outdoor environments.

Develop a model to describe how watersheds and wetlands function as systems, including the roles and functions they serve.

Develop a model to describe the cycling of Earth's materials and the flow of energy that drives this process.

Develop a model to describe the cycling of water through Earth's systems driven by energy from the sun and the force of gravity.

Construct a scientific explanation based on evidence for how the uneven distributions of Earth's mineral, energy, and groundwater resources are the result of past and current geoscience processes.

Construct a scientific explanation based on evidence from rock strata for how the geologic time scale is used to organize Earth's 4.6-billion-year-old history.

Construct an explanation based on evidence for how geoscience processes have changed Earth's surface at varying time and spatial scales.

Analyze and interpret data on the distribution of fossils and rocks, continental shapes, and seafloor structures to provide evidence of past plate motions.

Analyze and interpret data on natural hazards to forecast future catastrophic events and inform the development of technologies to mitigate their effects.

Apply scientific principles to design a method for monitoring and minimizing human impact on the environment.*

Construct an argument supported by evidence for how increases in human population and per capita consumption of natural resources impact Earth's systems.

Develop and use a model of the Earth-sun-moon system to describe the cyclic patterns of lunar phases, eclipses of the sun and moon, and seasons.

Develop and use a model to describe the role of gravity in the motion within galaxies and the solar system.

Analyze and interpret data to determine scale properties of objects in the solar system.

Collect data to provide evidence for how the motion and complex interactions of air masses result in changes in weather conditions.

Develop and use a model to describe how unequal heating and rotation of the Earth cause patterns of atmospheric and oceanic circulation that determine regional climates.

Ask questions to clarify evidence of the factors that have caused the rise in global temperatures over the past century.

Define the criteria and constraints of a design problem with sufficient precision to ensure a successful solution, taking into account relevant scientific principles and potential impacts on people and the natural environment that may limit possible solutions.

Evaluate competing design solutions using a systematic process to determine how well they meet the criteria and constraints of the problem.

Analyze data from tests to determine similarities and differences among several design solutions to identify the best characteristics of each that can be combined into a new solution to better meet the criteria for success.

Develop a model to generate data for iterative testing and modification of a proposed object, tool, or process such that an optimal design can be achieved.

Use arguments based on empirical evidence and scientific reasoning to support an explanation for how characteristic animal behaviors and specialized plant structures affect the probability of successful reproduction of animals and plants, respectively.

Construct a scientific explanation based on evidence for how environmental and genetic factors influence the growth of organisms.

Develop and use a model to describe why structural changes to genes (mutations) located on chromosomes may affect proteins and may result in harmful, beneficial, or neutral effects to the structure and function of the organism.

Develop and use a model to describe why asexual reproduction results in offspring with identical genetic information and sexual reproduction results in offspring with genetic variation.

Gather and synthesize information about the technologies that have changed the way humans influence the inheritance of desired traits in organisms.

Construct an explanation that predicts patterns of interactions among organisms across multiple ecosystems.

Evaluate competing design solutions for maintaining biodiversity and ecosystem services.*

Construct a scientific explanation based on evidence for the role of photosynthesis in the cycling of matter and flow of energy into and out of organisms.

Develop a model to describe how food is rearranged through chemical reactions forming new molecules that support growth and/or release energy as this matter moves through an organism.

Analyze and interpret data to provide evidence for the effects of resource availability on organisms and populations of organisms in an ecosystem.

Develop a model to describe the cycling of matter and flow of energy among living and nonliving parts of an ecosystem.

Construct an argument supported by empirical evidence that changes to physical or biological components of an ecosystem affect populations.

Analyze and interpret data for patterns in the fossil record that document the existence, diversity, extinction, and change of life forms throughout the history of life on Earth under the assumption that natural laws operate today as in the past.

Apply scientific ideas to construct an explanation for anatomical similarities and differences among modern organisms and between modern and fossil organisms to infer evolutionary relationships.

Analyze displays of pictorial data to compare patterns of similarities in anatomical structures across multiple species to identify relationships not evident in the fully formed anatomy.

Construct an explanation based on evidence that describes how genetic variations of traits in a population increase some individuals' probability of surviving and reproducing in a specific environment.

Use mathematical representations to support explanations of how natural selection may lead to increases and decreases of specific traits in populations over time.

Conduct an investigation to provide evidence that living things are made of cells, either one cell or many different numbers and types of cells.

Develop and use a model to describe the function of a cell as a whole and the ways that parts of cells contribute to the function.

Use arguments supported by evidence for how the body is a system of interacting subsystems composed of groups of cells.

Gather and synthesize information about how sensory receptors respond to stimuli by sending messages to the brain for immediate behavior or storage as memories.

Analyze and interpret data on the properties of substances before and after the substances interact to determine if a chemical reaction has occurred.

Develop and use a model to describe how the total number of atoms does not change in a chemical reaction and thus mass is conserved.

Undertake a design project to construct, test, and modify a device that either releases or absorbs thermal energy by chemical processes.*

Construct and interpret graphical displays of data to describe the relationships of kinetic energy to the mass and speed of an object.

Develop a model to describe that when the arrangement of objects interacting at a distance changes, different amounts of potential energy are stored in the system.

Apply scientific principles to design, construct, and test a device that either minimizes or maximizes thermal energy transfer.*

Plan an investigation to determine the relationships among the energy transferred, the type of matter, the mass, and the change in the average kinetic energy of the particles as measured by the temperature of the sample.

Construct, use, and present arguments to support the claim that when the kinetic energy of an object changes, energy is transferred to or from the object.

Apply Newton's Third Law to design a solution to a problem involving the motion of two colliding objects.

Plan an investigation to provide evidence that the change in an object's motion depends on the sum of the forces on the object and the mass of the object.

Ask questions about data to determine the factors that affect the strength of electric and magnetic forces.

Construct and present arguments using evidence to support the claim that gravitational interactions are attractive and depend on the masses of interacting objects.

Conduct an investigation and evaluate the experimental design to provide evidence that fields exist between objects exerting forces on each other even though the objects are not in contact.

Develop models to describe the atomic composition of simple molecules and extended structures

Gather and make sense of information to describe how synthetic materials come from natural resources and impact society.

Develop a model that predicts and describes changes in the particle motion, temperature and state of a pure substance when thermal energy is added or removed.

Use mathematical representations to describe a simple model for waves that includes how the amplitude of a wave is related to the energy in a wave.

Develop and use a model to describe how waves are reflected, absorbed, or transmitted through various materials.

Integrate qualitative scientific and technical information to support the claim that digitized signals are a more reliable way to encode and transmit information than analog signals.

Obtain and communicate information to describe how best management practices and environmental laws are designed to achieve environmental sustainability.

Construct an explanation that describes regional environmental conditions and their implications on environmental justice and social equity.

Design a solution to an environmental issue in which individuals and societies can engage as stewards of the environment.

Range and Level of Complex Texts

Integration of Knowledge and Ideas

Craft and Structure

Key Ideas and Details

Reading Informational Text: Students read, understand, and respond to informational text – with emphasis on comprehension, making connections among ideas and between texts with focus on textual evidence.

Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of science and technical texts.

Determine the central ideas or conclusions of a text; provide an accurate summary of the text distinct from prior knowledge or opinions.

Follow precisely a multistep procedure when carrying out experiments, taking measurements, or performing technical tasks.

Determine the meaning of symbols, key terms, and other domain-specific words and phrases as they are used in a specific scientific or technical context relevant to grades 6–8 texts and topics.

Analyze the structure an author uses to organize a text, including how the major sections contribute to the whole and to an understanding of the topic.

Analyze the author's purpose in providing an explanation, describing a procedure, or discussing an experiment in a text.

Integrate quantitative or technical information expressed in words in a text with a version of that information expressed visually (e.g., in a flowchart, diagram, model, graph, or table).

Distinguish among facts, reasoned judgment based on research findings, and speculation in a text.

Compare and contrast the information gained from experiments, simulations, video, or multimedia sources with that gained from reading a text on the same topic.

By the end of grade 8, read and comprehend science/technical texts in the grades 6–8 text complexity band independently and proficiently.

Range of Writing

Research to Build and Present Knowledge

Production and Distribution of Writing

Text Types and Purposes

Writing: Students write for different purposes and audiences. Students write clear and focused text to convey a well-defined perspective and appropriate content.

Write arguments focused on discipline-specific content. <ul><li>Introduce claim(s) about a topic or issue, acknowledge and distinguish the claim(s) from alternate or opposing claims, and organize the reasons and evidence logically.</li><li>Support claim(s) with logical reasoning and relevant, accurate data and evidence that demonstrate an understanding of the topic or text, using credible sources.</li><li>Use words, phrases, and clauses to create cohesion and clarify the relationships among claim(s), counterclaims, reasons, and evidence.</li><li>Establish and maintain a formal style.</li><li>Provide a concluding statement or section that follows from and supports the argument presented.</li></ul>

Write informative/explanatory texts, including the narration of historical events, scientific procedures/experiments, or technical processes.<ul><li>Introduce a topic clearly, previewing what is to follow; organize ideas, concepts, and information into broader categories as appropriate to achieving purpose; include formatting (e.g., headings), graphics (e.g., charts, tables), and multimedia when useful to aiding comprehension.</li><li>Develop the topic with relevant, well-chosen facts, definitions, concrete details, quotations, or other information and examples.</li><li>Use appropriate and varied transitions to create cohesion and clarify the relationships among ideas and concepts.</li><li>Use precise language and domain-specific vocabulary to inform about or explain the topic.</li><li>Establish and maintain a formal style and objective tone.</li><li>Provide a concluding statement or section that follows from and supports the information or explanation presented.</li></ul>

Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization, and style are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience.

With some guidance and support from peers and adults, develop and strengthen writing as needed by planning, revising, editing, rewriting, or trying a new approach, focusing on how well purpose and audience have been addressed.

Use technology, including the Internet, to produce and publish writing and present the relationships between information and ideas clearly and efficiently.

Conduct short research projects to answer a question (including a self-generated question), drawing on several sources and generating additional related, focused questions that allow for multiple avenues of exploration.

Gather relevant information from multiple print and digital sources, using search terms effectively; assess the credibility and accuracy of each source; and quote or paraphrase the data and conclusions of others while avoiding plagiarism and following a standard format for citation.

Draw evidence from informational texts to support analysis reflection, and research.

Write routinely over extended time frames (time for reflection and revision) and shorter time frames (a single sitting or a day or two) for a range of discipline-specific tasks, purposes, and audiences.